The heuristic function \(\eta_{ij} \left( t \right)\) was calculated based on the distance and angle from the current node to the target node. It makes path search more directional. A pheromone ...

Particle flow code (PFC) is a typical discrete element method (DEM) that is commonly used to simulate the mechanical behaviour of granular materials. However, the micro-parameters should be calibrated ...

Ants, with their highly organized social behavior, have long inspired research. In particular, they have often inspired simple solutions to complex problems and, today, they could help us solve one of ...